TORSION PDF FILE

TORSION;

              Torsion is twisting of and object due to applied load member in torsion are encounter in many engineering application. The most common application is provided by transmission shaft which is used to transmit power from one point to another.

Example of Torsion:

             Turbine exert torque T on the shaft. shaft transmit torque to the generator generator create equal and opposite torque.    

TORSION OF CIRCULAR SHAFT:

  1) Circular shaft remain circular.

  2) plane section remain plane and don't warp

  3) The projection upon the transverse section upon the straight redial lines in the section remain straight.

DOWNLOAD TORSION FILE :

 Torsion problems , examples are download by the following link . It is easy 

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SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT PROBLEMS pdf file

Bending :

           Bending is a major concept used in design of many machine and structural components, such as beam

Shear force and bending moment:

    Beam are structural member which offer Resistance due to applied load . member that are slender and supporting load that are applied perpendicular to a longitudinal axis are called beam in general beam are straight bar having a constant cross sectional area.

example include is the member used to support the floor of the building the deck of the bridge and the wing of an air craft ..

TYPES OF LOADING 

 1) simple supported beam

 2)cantilever beam

 3) overhanging beam

     

sample problems off shear force and bending moment :

here are some links were you can  download the pdf files if the links in not working please message on the comment ..

http://ul.to/u00em39m

and edit key is hativo

To find the yield strenght and tensile strength of steel bar using Univesal testing machine ( U.T.M)

Objective:

   1) To find the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength unknown steel bar using U.T.M.

   2) To find the grade of the steel bar.

Apparatus:

    Steel bar, U.T.M, Vernier caliper, Ruler.

U.T.M ;

      It is a machine used to find tensile test or compressive test.

 Loading unit ;

    This part helps in clamping the specimens.

Main parts of control unit :

 1) Table         2) Table cover        3) Upper and lower cross head.

 4) Upper and lower jaws.           5)  Upper and lower clamping handles etc.

Control unit :

This part helps in controlling the amount of load to be applied on the specimen , and also controls the motion of the jaws.

 1) Automatic control

  2) Manual control

  3) Dial gauge.

Theory and background

Yield strength:

 That particular stress after which the material start to deform in elastically . prior to the point the material will deform elastically and return to its original shape when applied stress is removed.

Ultimate tensile strength:

The maximum stress that a material can with stand without failed or rupture.

1) Till U.T point both peak value and  load increase.

 2)  At U.T point peak value stop and load decrease.

Experimental procedure:

 1) take a steel bar and mark two point on the steel bar at 8 inch apart = gauge length.

 2) Measure the diameter by using the vernier caliper.

 3) Clamp the bar between the jaws of the U.T.M machine.

 4) Turn on the U.T.M and applied load on the specimens.

 5) Load increase gradually, a point will come where the peak reading pauses and applied load decreasing that will be yield point.

 6) If load is further increase a point will come where the specimen will break. This is a tensile load.

 7) take the broken pieces of the specimen and again measure the distance between the two points on the specimen and determine the elongation.